12^th International Conference on
Osteoporosis, Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Disorders

Arthroscopy is an insignificantly Invasive surgery on a joint in which an examination and some of the time treatment of damage is performed utilizing an arthroscope, an endoscope that is embedded into the joint through a small entry point. Arthroscopic techniques can be performed during ACL reconstruction.

Osteoporosis is a condition of decrease in the density of bones which leads to fragile or weak bones. Abnormal porous bones causes Osteoporosis. Normal bone consist of protein, collagen, and calcium which gives strength to bones. People affected from Osteoporosis have high risk of Fractures. Osteoporosis does not cause any symptoms until the bone breaks. Primary Osteoporosis most commonly occurs in women than men. Secondary Osteoporosis is same as Primary Osteoporosis but occurs with a relative reason. Secondary Osteoporosis generally occurs due to excessive protein intake, excess vitamin A, inadequate physical activity, poor muscle development.

Women usually have smaller, thinner bones than men. Estrogen is a hormone which secretes in women that protects bones. Amount of Estrogen secretion decreases when women reaches her menopause. This causes bone loss in women which leads to high risk of Osteoporosis in women than men. Osteoporosis mostly affect older womens. Central dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is a special type of low radiation X-ray for bones. Our bones has calcium in it. It helps to keep bones healthy and strong. Our body also uses calcium which in turn helps for blood cloting and muscles contraction. If enough calcium is not taken from our food supplemnets, body will take calcium from our bones which leads to fragile bones and causes Osteoporosis.

Epidemiology of fractures influence the age and the gender. Bone is a living and growing tissue. Inspite of gender, the main clinical consequences of Osteoporosis is fracture. The risk of fracture increases as bone density decreases. These fractures can cause severe pain and decreased mobility. Hip fractures are the serious one among other fractures. Fractures can also include Vertebral, Distal Forearm (or) Wrist (Colles), Proximal fibia, Distal femur. Most commonly hip fracture is observed in individuals who intake Vitamin D in excess amount. There is a changing rate of fracture across the world. The risk of fractures increases in individuals who has Osteoporosis. Smoking and Alcohol increases the risk factor of fractures.

To diagnose the Osteoporosis and risk of fractures a test is required which is commonly known as bone density scan. This scan is used to measure the Body Mineral Density(BMD). It is performed using a bone densitometry or dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA or DEXA). The DXA machine gives two scores T score and Z score. T score estimates the amount of bone in comparision to normal population and also tells us about the risk of fracture. Z score estimates the amount of bone with your gender and age and tells us about the further medical tests to be taken. The other methods used to determine the bone injuries and fractures includes Bone X-ray, CT scan and MRI.

A proper diet enriched with Calcium, Vitamin D and consuming adequate amount of proteins and minerals helps our system for building a strong and strength bones. These helps in proper bone formation and density. Regular physical exercises decrease the risk of Osteoporosis. Drugs like Biphosphates and calcitonin can be taken to prevent bone loss. Boosting the consumption of Calcium, Vitamin D, Vitamin K and Potassium helps to prevent the Osteoporosis. Less consumption of caffeine can prevent the loss of bone density. Till now there is no cure for Osteoporosis, prevention is the only way to eradicate Osteoporosis.

Under socio-Economic impact of osteoporosis lies Mortality, Morbidity, Economic cost and future projections. Hip fractures mainly contributes to mortality in Osteoporosis. About 12-20 percent reduction in survival. According to hospital based study mortality rate is high in men, older patients. Osteoporosis fractures various greatly in morbidity. Colles fractures have short-term consequences while hip fractures results in permanent and life-long disabilities. The effect of vertebral fracture morbidity is less. Cost of Osteoporosis vary in different cases and countries. Hip fracture cost is subsequently high in all developed countries. In 1996, the acute hospital care cost of hip fractures per annum amounted to 1 percent of the total hospital cost.

Weakening of bones is called as Osteomalacia. Osteomalacia is different from Osteoporosis. Problem in bone formation and bone building causes Osteomalacia. Osteomalacia occurs mainly due to lack of Vitamin D. Vitamin D helps in absorption of calcium from the stomach. Vitamin D also helps in maintaining the calcium and phosphate levels. There are many causes for the desorption of vitamin D like cancer, kidney and liver disorders, etc.. Lack of phosphates can cause Osteomalacia. Bones get easily fractured. Muscles become weak in individuals who suffer from Osteomalacia. Bone pain is the common symptom of Osteomalacia. The pain develop through lower back, legs, pelvis and even to ribs.

Osteoarthritis is a most common chronic disorder. A joint is a place where both the bones meet. These bones covered with a protective tissue called cartilage. Osteoarthritis causes the breakage of protective tissue (Cartilage) and makes the bones to rub together causing a pain. Osteoarthritis commonly occurs in old age people but can also occur in adults of any age. Osteoarthritis is also called as degenerative joint disease or degenerative arthritis or wear-and-tear arthritis. Other causes of Osteoarthritis include dislocated joints, ligament injuries, etc.. Osteoarthritis can occur in any joints. As a result of Osteoarthritis swelling in the joints and surroundings can also occur. Osteoarthritis also causes decrease in range of motion, joint instability and increased pain in joints.

Rheumatoid Arthritis is a Chronic inflammatory disorder which not only affect the joints but also other body systems such as skin, blood vessels, eyes, lungs and heart. Rheumatoid Arthritis is also an autoimmune disorder which affects our own body’s cells, tissues and organs. It results in bone erosion and joint disformation by causing a swelling and pain. About 40 percent individuals affected from rheumatoid arthritis had symptoms other than in joints. Rheumatoid arthritis symptoms vary in every individual. Womens are more affected from this disorder than men. Smoking, obesity and environmental exposures are other risk factors associated with rheumatoid disorder. Individuals who have rheumatoid arthritis also faces many problems commonly decrease in the moisture content or dryness of eyes and mouth also known as Sjogren's syndrome.

Juvenile arthritis is an inflammatory disorder that occurs in childrens. This develops mostly in children of age below 16. The main symptoms are swelling, pain and redness. Each juvenile arthritis causes various symptoms in musculoskeletal system, gastointestinal tract, eyes and skin. Juvenile Dermatomyositis causes rashes on eyelids and muscle weakness. Scleroderma means “Hard skin” which causes skin to tighten and harden. Till now there is no certain reason to pinpoint juvenile arthritis. Food or allergies and toxins can cause juvenile arthritis. Early diagnosis can decrease the effect of juvenile arthritis in childrens. There is no cure for juvenile arthritis so prevention will be a beffer solution for juvenile arthritis.

Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition Disease (CPPD) occurs when the calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals deposits in the joints and surrounding tissues. CPPD resembles the other form of arthritis. This causes joint cartilage to break which leads to inflammation in joints. Genes play a role in CPPD. It also leads to a condition  that excess iron stored in the body(hemochromatosis), low blood magnesium levels and an overactive parathyroid or severely underactive thyroid. About 25 percent people experience the symptoms of pseudogout. About 5 percent of people have rheumatoid arthritis symptoms and half of the people have osteoarthritis symptoms. It is important to rest painful joints and cold packs can reduce inflammation in joints.

Fifth disease is a viral disease also known as slapped cheek disease. It often results in red rash in legs, arms and cheeks. This disease most commonly occurs in childrens and pregnant womens. Generally people with weakened immune system get this disease. Parvovirus B19 causes fifth disease. This is an airborne virus which spreads through saliva and respiratory secretions among childrens in elmentary level. This disease mostly occurs in winter, spring, and early summer seasons. Fifth disease during pregnancy can cause severe risk to unborn baby like life threating anemia. Fifth disease as some symptoms like headache, fatigue low-grade fever, sore throat, nausea, runny nose. These symptoms occur from 4 to 14 days after exposure of virus.

Arthritis is a word leads to many joint problems. There are more than 100 types of arthritis and related diseases. Each have their own causes and symptoms. It causes severe and life-changing pain in individuals. Some of the arthritis are Osteoarthritis(OA), Rheumatoid Arthritis(RA), Psoriatic Arthritis(PsA), Fibromyalgia, Gout, Lupus etc. Back pain is the common symptom for most arthritis. Other types of arthritis include infectious, inflammatory, reactive, spinal stenosis, giant cell arthritis (or) temporal arthritis. It most commonly hurts in back and neck, shoulders, wrist, hands and fingers, elbows, knees, hips, ankles, foot, heel and toe.

Musculoskeletal disorder is an disease or disorder that affects the musculoskeletal system and human body movements. MSD is the abbreviation of Musculoskeletal disorder. Some of musculoskeletal disorders include Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, Tendonitis, Muscle / Tendon strain, Ligament Sprain, Tension Neck Syndrome. Musculoskeletal disorders are preventable. MSDs are most commonly known as repetitive motion injury, repetitive stress injury and overuse injury. The risk factors in MSD risk factors can be divided into two categories : work-related(ergonomic) and individual-related. Work-related risk factors include high task repetition, forceful exertions, repetitive or sustained awkward postures. Individual-related risk factors include poor work practices, poor overall health habits, poor rest and recovery, poor nutrition, fitness and hydration.

Causes, Symptoms and Diagnosis, Treatment varies in all types of diseases and disorders. Osteomalacia occurs mainly due to lack of Vitamin D, Lack of phosphates. By blood tests Osteomalacia can be diagnosised and subsequent treatment can be taken. Osteoarthritis can occur in any joints. Treatment of Osteoarthritis fall into four main categories: nonpharmacologic, pharmacologic, complementary and alternative, and surgical. Rheumatoid arthritis symptoms vary in every individual. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis various according to symptoms. The main symptoms of juvenile arthritis are swelling, pain and redness. There is no cure for juvenile arthritis. Diagnosis for CPPD is X-Ray, Ultrasonography, etc. Treatment for CPPD depends on individuals. Other types of arthritis diagnosis and treatment depends on individual. Fifth disease can be disgnosised by red rash in legs, arms and cheeks. Treatment for individual depends on rashes of them. MSDs can be diagnosised by physical examination by doctors and treatment for MSDs are medications, acupuncture, exercises and therapeutic massage.